BACKGROUND

This lesson involves human blood types. Although types O, A, B, and AB were first identified around 1900, anthropologists theorize that type O has existed since the advent of Cro-Magnon man approximately 40,000years ago. Type A evolved from type O through a mutation in the red blood cells approximately 20,000 years ago. Type A red blood cells have an additional sugar molecule on the surface. A similar mutation caused the appearance of type B approximately 14,000 years ago. Type AB first appeared around 2,500 years ago. People with blood type AB have some red blood cells that include the A sugar molecule and some that have the B sugar molecule. The Rh factor, a protein found on the surface of some red blood cells, was discovered in 1940. Type O negative is called the universal donor because a transfusion introduces no additional A or B sugars or Rh protein into the recipient's bloodstream. Agglutination, or clumping, occurs when red blood cells of A, B, AB, or Rh positive blood are added to the bloodstream of a person whose red blood cells lack the protein or sugar. Researchers are seeking ways to remove the sugars and proteins from types A, B, AB, and O positive red blood cells to produce greater quantities of the universal donor.

A compatible blood type is one that introduces no new elements into the recipient's bloodstream. The compatible families, or all blood types that can safely donate blood to a given blood type, can be determined by examining the Venn diagram shown in figure 1. The universe for the diagram is O negative, since all blood is either O negative or O negative with added sugars or proteins. The three overlapping circles represent blood types with the A sugar, the B sugar, and the Rh protein. The diagram has eight regions, one for each blood type. Using figure 1 and the definition of compatible blood types, you should determine all compatible blood types for each of the eight types and shade them in the diagrams below (B+ has been shaded for you in figure 2).


figure 1

For example, my blood type is B+ (the same as my philosophy of life!). The compatible blood types for B+ are: B+, B-, O+, and O- because no new elements are introduced into the bloodstream.

Figure 2 shows the compatible blood types for B+.   You should fill in the other seven diagrams showing compatible blood types for A+, A-, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-.


Fig. 2 (Blood Types compatible with B+)
Blood Types compatible with B-


Blood Types compatible with O-
Blood Types compatible with O+


Blood Types compatible with A-
Blood Types compatible with A+


Blood Types compatible with AB-
Blood Types compatible with AB+

The following table shows the approximate blood-type percents for people living in the United States:

Blood Type Percent
    O+   38%
    O- 8%
    A+ 32%
    A- 7%
    B+ 9%
    B- 2%
    AB+    3%
    AB- 1%

Now use the approximate blood-type percents, given in the table above, to determine the theoretical probabilities for each blood type. In other words, determine all the compatible blood types for a given type (that is, the blood types that the given type can safely receive). Then sum up the probabilities to determine what percent of the population could donate blood to a person with that type. Remember, you don't want to introduce any new sugars or proteins into that blood type.
Fill in the table below (B+ has been done for you):

Blood Type Compatible with ... Theoretical Probability
    O+          
    O-        
    A+        
    A-        
    B+ B+, B-, O+, O- .09 + .02 + .38 +.08 = .57
    B-        
    AB+           
    AB-